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Trauma and stress

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

After experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, intrusive memories, nightmares, avoidance, constant alertness, and negative mood swings occur for more than a month.

Common signs

Memories or nightmares that keep coming backAvoiding everything that reminds them of the eventStartling easily, irritability and a sense of danger

Tips

For you

  1. Trauma-focused therapies are effective
  2. Use grounding techniques: name 5 things you can see
  3. Keep routines and social support

For family and friends

  1. Don't pressure them to tell you what happened
  2. Offer safety, routine and presence

When to ask for help

  1. If there are thoughts of death: 024
  2. If you turn to alcohol or other substances to cope

Are you having a really hard time? If you're thinking of harming yourself, call 024 (free, 24 hours) or 112.

Guidance test

Answer thinking about the last few weeks. There are 8 questions and you get your result straight away. Your answers are not saved or sent.

0 of 8
1. I have memories that come back without me wanting them to
2. I have nightmares about what happened
3. I avoid places or people that remind me of it
4. I'm always on alert
5. I startle easily
6. I feel disconnected from other people
7. I feel guilt or shame about what happened
8. More than four weeks have passed and I'm not getting better
Also take the full post-traumatic stress test →

Free resources

Downloadable PDF sheetSigns, tips and resources to print or saveFull article: Post-traumatic stressFree resource from Clínica VivaldiFree guide: Trauma and post-traumatic stressFree resource from Clínica Vivaldi

Related disorders

Reactive attachment disorderTrauma and stressDisinhibited social engagement disorderTrauma and stressAcute stress disorderTrauma and stressAdjustment disorderTrauma and stress

Would you like to talk it through with a professional?

Book a first appointment with our team of psychologists, in person in Valencia or online from anywhere in Spain. If you're not sure where to start, ask for a free guidance call.

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Reviewed by María Teresa Fernández Vicente, health psychologist and neuropsychologist (registration no. CV17304), in November 2026. Educational information prepared by the Clínica Vivaldi team based on the DSM-5-TR classification. It does not replace a professional assessment and cannot be used to diagnose.